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Yelp
The Historic Dockyard is an amazing place, and although the tickets aren't cheap they're valid for a year, meaning you don't have to rush to do everything in a day. That's just as well, because there are half a dozen separate attractions included. Most will appeal to all ages and all levels of interest in maritime history.
The oldest of the three ships you'll visit is the Mary Rose, Henry VIII's flagship which famously sank in view of the town - and the king. (It wasn't on its maiden voyage, as is sometimes claimed, but had just been refitted). I can remember watching the raising of the ship in 1982 - one of the few times we got to watch TV at school! - so it's both fascinating to see the ship itself, and astonishing to realise that the conservation project is still ongoing. As well as the learning about the ship and life on board her, with artefacts on show in the accompanying museum, there's an opportunity to find out about the conservation techniques and challenges.
Your ticket includes a timed tour of the HMS Victory, Nelson's ship at the battle of Trafalgar and in many ways the highlight of the Dockyard. Nelson of course died on the quarterdeck in 1805, so you really have a sense of being in a place where history was made. However, it's not all about the admiral: there's plenty to discover about life for ordinary sailors on board ship too.
Step forward to 1860 by walking around HMS Warrior, the biggest, fastest, most heavily armed ship of her day - so much so that she never engaged in battle! (I wouldn't particularly recommend the audio guide though, when we used it a few years ago it was rather lengthy). This is a very different ship to the Victory, with steam engines as well as sails, and gives an insight about the changes in sailors' lives over half a century or so.
There isn't a modern battleship to walk around, but you can see and find out about them on the 'harbour tour' boat trip. Portsmouth is still an active naval base, so you'll see a variety of ships (they vary according to which happen to be in harbour on the day of your visit). The commentary is great, ensuring that you actually understand what you're seeing!
If you've had enough of looking at ships, try out the skills used on shore by becoming a Dockyard Apprentice. You find out about the various trades practised in the dockyard in the early twentieth century, and although it's perhaps mainly aimed at youngsters, I enjoyed getting my apprentice's certificate here! Action Stations offers activities based on contemporary naval skills - unfortunately I ran out of time before getting to visit.
Finally, there's the Royal Naval Museum, which brings all these themes together and even offers a Battle of Trafalgar Experience. In addition, there are (very good) shops and (average) cafes to keep you going through the day(s) here.